Political Polarization in Pakistan: Implications for Governance and Social Cohesion

Abstract

Political polarization in Pakistan has deepened over the past decade, leading to the hardening of ethnic, ideological, and political fault lines. This national fragmentation on several lines engenders profoundly adverse implications, resultantly impacting governance and social cohesion. The increasing erosion of public trust in institutions and lack of consensus have almost made the democratic process in Pakistan dysfunctional. This study examines how political polarization has had a profound impact on governance and social cohesion, particularly since 2013. It explores the underlying causes of political polarization coupled with deteriorating social cohesion, including an array of contributing factors such as media role, ethnic-cum-ideological schism, and economic inequality, and analyzes their consequences for governance and national integration. The research employs a mixed-method approach. It integrates qualitative insights with quantitative data, gathered via Google Forms. Diversity has been ensured by including respondents from different backgrounds—professionals, students, and officials. The study findings suggest that political polarization contributes to policy failure, fosters public alienation from state institutions, and exacerbates governance gaps and precipitates societal fragmentation. In this equation, media-driven narratives and intra-elite conflict act as a catalyst by creating a conducive environment for the thriving of disinformation and extremist discourses at the cost of civic engagement. In light of the study’s findings, the paper concludes with policy recommendations intended for reducing polarization and promoting social cohesion through institutional reforms, improving media literacy, encouraging inclusivity, and focusing on national dialogue. A policy recommendation matrix is provided to guide practical reforms in governance, media regulation, and civil society engagement.