Initially the research journal of Pakistan Administrative Staff College had started in 1960. After long journey, it was renamed as Journal of Pakistan Administration in Dec 2023 and was accredited by HEC in Dec 2024.
National School of Public Policy, Lahore, Pakistan
Pak-Iran Oil Smuggling Impacts: Challenges and Strategies for Effective Solutions
Pakistan-Iran oil smuggling is a decades long phenomenon. Smuggling is a transnational illegal entry of goods and people for financial gain, leading to violation of law. Oil smuggling from Iran to Pakistan is carried out through different land and sea routes; using different payment mechanisms. This research endeavor is undertaken to examine the economic impact of oil smuggling, the key challenges that hinder the efforts of different national stakeholders to tackle the alleged menace and delineate strategies to curb oil smuggling. This study used a mixed method approach: structured approach using a questionnaire as well as Key Informant Interviews (KII). The study also employed Stakeholder Analysis and PESTEL analysis. Oil smuggling has huge economic impact in terms of loss of revenue (tax and duties), distorting domestic fuel prices, reducing private sector appetite for investment in energy sector, environmental pollution, money laundering and terror financing. However, it has some positive externalities: availability of cheaper oil, saving of foreign exchange reserves, and creation of employment for local population. There are a number of challenges in way of curbing oil smuggling like deprivation of local population of Balochistan, complexity of different stakeholders involved, regional geostrategic tensions in the Middle East, Pakistan-Iran cross border skirmishes, fluctuating global oil prices, porous borders, outdated laws for prevention of smuggling, and US sanctions against Iran. Findings of the study indicate that various logistics are used in smuggling with involvement of transporters, local traders, LEA and politically influential people. Payment mechanism is both barter and monetary system. There is no seasonality in oil smuggling. Leading factors behind oil smuggling are competitive prices, limited economic opportunities in Balochistan and weak enforcement mechanism. The study recommends short, medium and long-term strategies to tackle the menace of oil smuggling.
Copyright (c) 2025 Capt. (R) Khalid Mehmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
International Climate Agreements and Pakistan's National Climate Policies: Implementation, Gaps and Coping Strategies
This study examines Pakistan’s alignment with international climate agreements, especially the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC, and evaluates the effectiveness of its national climate policies. The study is guided by the following research questions: (1) a) What are the specific institutional, socio-cultural, and governance barriers affecting the implementation of international climate agreements in Pakistan? b) How do Pakistan’s national climate policies align with its commitments under agreements such as the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC? c) What policy and strategic reforms can bridge the gap between Pakistan’s climate commitments and ground-level action? The objective is to critically evaluate the effectiveness of national climate policies in aligning with international climate agreements. Despite active participation in global climate frameworks, Pakistan faces significant challenges in implementing climate commitments owing to institutional inefficiencies, fragmented governance, financial constraints, and technical limitations.The research employs a qualitative case study design. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions with 10 policymakers and experts, while secondary data included national reports, peer-reviewed literature, and global climate databases. The study focuses on four main themes: (1) alignment with international commitments, (2) institutional and legislative challenges, (3) financial limitations, and (4) coping strategies (adaptation and mitigation).The study reveals that while Pakistan has been able to work on few weather-related projects, such as climate-smart agriculture and the Indus River Initiative, such programs are poorly financed, both in terms of technical expertise and funds. Various forms of inefficiency, governance fragmentation and financial hardship act as barriers in the scaling up of climate actions. Some of the critical factors include lack of proper policy formulation, retrograde industrial techniques and deficient infrastructural development, which in turn, affect the capacity of Pakistan to achieve the set targets for reduction of greenhouse gases as well as combating climate change effects. This research uniquely triangulates expert interviews, focus group data, and policy analysis to offer an integrated view of the institutional, financial, and policy misalignments obstructing climate action in Pakistan.Additionally, it emphasizes the need to strengthen inter-institutional linkages and increase the climate financing pool, improve legislative instruments, and raise the level of necessary information in society. It calls for greater use of diplomacy and private sector involvement to deal with climate change. It also emphasizes the role of international cooperation and calls on the developed countries to honor their funding commitments. The study encourages regional cooperation for technology transfer and capacity building for developing countries, particularly the V20 and CVF. The findings indicate the deficits that Pakistan faces in areas such as structural reform and strategic management, further compounded by poor international cooperation. Concisely, the study offers targeted policy recommendations, such as strengthening inter-agency coordination, expanding domestic climate financing, enhanced focus for policy alignment and leveraging international diplomacy to secure green technology and funds tailored to Pakistan’s needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecosystem for Business Startup in Punjab: Issues, Challenges, and Way Forward
The study examined the business startup ecosystem in Punjab, Pakistan to explore the factors responsible for its growth as well as those that obstruct this growth. The key developments that took place in the past two years (2022 – 2024) with respect to, (i) Punjab Government’s initiatives, (ii) key facilitation issues experienced by the relevant organizations, and (iii) regulatory inefficiencies and infrastructure gaps faced by the clients and potential entrepreneurs and startups, were analyzed. Isenberg’s Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Model and Stam’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Framework were used to theorize Punjab’s startup ecosystem. The study used a convergent mixed methods research design and used convenience sampling to study four BFCs in Punjab. Survey method using both questionnaire and interviews was employed to gather information from public and private stakeholders in order to understand the startup ecosystem in Punjab. The study found that the business startup ecosystem in Punjab has experienced significant growth over the past two years due to government initiatives such as the BFCs, nevertheless, there were notable challenges that were reducing the potential of such initiatives. The study found that bureaucratic hurdles, regulatory complexities, and limited access to finance continue to delay entrepreneurial success in spite of Punjab’s improvement in global rankings and pro-business policies. The findings from quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed that awareness about BFCs was low, barriers in digital literacy were prominent, and deficiencies in infrastructure impeded the smooth and sustainable functioning of BFCs and other government initiatives. The regulatory overlaps and inconsistent service delivery continued to pose challenges despite efforts by the government to simplify business registration and compliance processes. The study recommends the expansion of BFCs, strengthening of digital integration, awareness and stakeholder engagement, increased monitoring and accountability, regulatory simplification, improved infrastructure, and increasing financial support as viable policy measures to improve the business startup ecosystem in Punjab.
Business Facilitation Centers; Entrepreneurial Ecosystem; Public Service Delivery; Punjab; Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2025 Jawad Tariq Awan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing The Effectiveness of Formal Dispute Resolution Mechanism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Issues, Challenges and Way Forward
Dispute resolution mechanism (DRM) has primarily complemented the formal judicial system by providing quick and cost-effective solutions to the disputants. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province has a rich history of DRMs based on conventions and tribal traditions in the form of Jirga System. An effective DRM plays a crucial role in maintaining peace and order in the province. This study focuses on the formal DRM available in KP under the Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) Act, 2020 because it has an overriding effect on all previous formal DRMs. This paper critically analyzes DRM under ADR Act. The study examines ADR Act from the theoretical and practical perspectives. Both Primary and secondary data have been used in the study. The primary data (qualitative and quantitative) collection techniques include interviews, documents analysis, observational insights and questionnaire. Moreover, analytical tools like legal framework analysis and SWOT are used. It is observed in this paper that people are not optimally relying on ADR, rather they are using other means (informal Jirgas or resorting to force). This policy paper finds that ADR mechanism in KP faces different legal, administrative and societal challenges. The issues include lack of awareness and weak implementation mechanism. The situation demands further refinement and transformation of the ADR Act. The study provides pragmatic steps to enhance effectiveness of ADR in the province. The improvements include both administrative actions and amendments in the ADR act to make it a more conducive DRM in KP.
Introduction of E-Buses in Pakistan’s Urban Centers: Progress, Challenges and Road Ahead
This paper explores the present status of electric bus adoption in Pakistan, focusing on Lahore’s electric bus project as a case study. Using a mixed-methods approach and drawing from regional experiences in China, India, and Bangladesh, it assesses the environmental impacts and strategic potential of electric mobility in the public sector. The study highlights existing regulatory and infrastructural challenges, emphasizing the need for a liberalized policy regime, greater public-private collaboration, and access to international development finance. Key frameworks such as the National Electric Vehicle Policy and Pakistan’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are examined to understand their role in enabling green mobility. The case of Lahore provides practical insights into implementation barriers and policy coordination gaps. The study concludes with recommendations to expand renewable-powered charging infrastructure, promote local manufacturing to reduce import dependence, and leverage both federal development programs and global financing to scale electric bus deployment. Pakistan can learn lessons from the success of China’s large-scale adoption of EV public transport systems to India’s Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME) project. These steps are vital for achieving environmental sustainability, enhancing urban transport, and supporting Pakistan’s transition to a cleaner, more resilient economy.
IMF Loan Programs and Pakistan: Impact and Way Forward (2013 to 2026)
This study is an exploration of frequent approach of Pakistan to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) with a lens on the efficacy of its Extended Fund Facility (EFF) loans. It includes historical background (1958-2013), with the constant economic difficulties and reliance on the IMF. A particular focus is paid to the EFF 2013-16, which can be regarded as the only successful program, though it cannot guarantee its long-term stability. In the core analysis, it looks at the current EFF 202426 and its agreed conditionalities, the performance benchmarks, and how it fits international best practices. The two fundamental questions asked in the research are: Why can Pakistan go back to the IMF after initial success? And how would this affect the economy, given that the current program is carried to its full extent? The research analyzes the feasibility of sustainable expansion of the 2024-26 program based on qualitative research and secondary information. It ends with recommendations to policy to enhance the governance of the economy, address fiscal deficit, and end the chain of external financial assistance.
Political Polarization in Pakistan: Implications for Governance and Social Cohesion
Political polarization in Pakistan has deepened over the past decade, leading to the hardening of ethnic, ideological, and political fault lines. This national fragmentation on several lines engenders profoundly adverse implications, resultantly impacting governance and social cohesion. The increasing erosion of public trust in institutions and lack of consensus have almost made the democratic process in Pakistan dysfunctional. This study examines how political polarization has had a profound impact on governance and social cohesion, particularly since 2013. It explores the underlying causes of political polarization coupled with deteriorating social cohesion, including an array of contributing factors such as media role, ethnic-cum-ideological schism, and economic inequality, and analyzes their consequences for governance and national integration. The research employs a mixed-method approach. It integrates qualitative insights with quantitative data, gathered via Google Forms. Diversity has been ensured by including respondents from different backgrounds—professionals, students, and officials. The study findings suggest that political polarization contributes to policy failure, fosters public alienation from state institutions, and exacerbates governance gaps and precipitates societal fragmentation. In this equation, media-driven narratives and intra-elite conflict act as a catalyst by creating a conducive environment for the thriving of disinformation and extremist discourses at the cost of civic engagement. In light of the study’s findings, the paper concludes with policy recommendations intended for reducing polarization and promoting social cohesion through institutional reforms, improving media literacy, encouraging inclusivity, and focusing on national dialogue. A policy recommendation matrix is provided to guide practical reforms in governance, media regulation, and civil society engagement.
Building Control Regimes in Pakistan: Policies and Practices
Building control is a system to ensure the safety, structural soundness and stability, fitness and sustainability of buildings, through the enforcement of building regulations. Pakistan's building control system operates across federal, provincial, and local levels, emphasizing land-use and building regulations. The government and development authorities ensure adherence to zoning laws, master plans, and land-use policies for sustainable development. They enforce licensing and inspection processes to maintain safety and compliance. The rapid urban expansion and increasing commercialization of Lahore have introduced significant challenges in implementing effective building control measures. This research examines the performance of regulatory frameworks governing commercial structures in areas managed by the Lahore Development Authority (LDA), Metropolitan Corporation Lahore (MCL), and Lahore Cantonment Board (LCB). Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines data from field surveys and interviews to assess adherence to regulations related to safety, accessibility, and sustainable development. The analysis reveals varying compliance levels across jurisdictions, with LDA leading at 70%, followed by LCB at 64%, and MCL at 58%. While LDA shows higher adherence, inconsistencies suggest uneven enforcement. Conversely, MCL exhibits consistent but inadequate implementation, while LCB demonstrates moderate outcomes. Indicators such as spatial allocation and pedestrian pathways are identified as pivotal to regulatory success. Institutional bottlenecks, including administrative inefficiencies, external pressures, and a lack of transparency, further impede enforcement. Feedback from stakeholders highlights procedural difficulties, inadequate support mechanisms, and unmet public expectations concerning infrastructure quality and safety. Benchmarking against cities like New York, Kuala Lumpur, and Mumbai, the study identifies Lahore’s lag in integrating contemporary practices and sustainability standards. Recommendations include leveraging advanced technologies, harmonizing regulations, improving interagency collaboration, and addressing systemic inefficiencies. By implementing these measures, Lahore can progress toward resilient infrastructure and balanced urban growth.
Causes and Related issues of Encroachment: A Study of the State Land of Karachi Division
Encroachment on state-owned land in Karachi remains a persistent governance challenge that undermines planned development, environmental sustainability, and the rule of law. Despite the Sindh Public Property (Removal of Encroachment) Act, 2010, weak enforcement, institutional corruption, political interference, and a shortage of affordable housing have allowed illegal occupations to continue. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study surveyed 29 government officials and reviewed policy documents, legal judgments, and reports to assess the effectiveness of the existing framework. Findings show that 85% of respondents identified weak land management, 78% cited corruption, and 80% highlighted political interference as key drivers, while 70% considered the Anti-Encroachment Force ineffective due to resource constraints and poor coordination. The paper recommends legislative reforms, digitization of land records, stronger inter-agency coordination, judicial process reforms, and expansion of affordable housing to safeguard state land and improve urban governance in Karachi.
Effectiveness of Withholding Taxes in Expanding Pakistan’s Tax Base: A Focus on the informal and Undocumented Sectors
The study assesses Pakistan’s WHT policy regarding tax base expansion while analyzing its effect on informally operated economic sectors. The Federal Board of Revenue receives large notable contributions from WHTs, but they fail to successfully increase voluntary tax compliance while properly establishing economic formalization practices. The application of WHTs functions mainly as an indirect collection method for untaxed businesses, which does not encourage participation in formal tax registration. Extensive data from policies and research, along with fiscal and administrative information, evaluate both the structural elements and behavioral responses of WHTs. The current WHT system struggles because it contains several crucial problems, including its complicated nature and unhealthy impact on vulnerable populations, while also facing poor follow-up, missing available transaction details, and a lack of cooperation among tax departments. While WHTs successfully generate short-term revenues, they often perpetuate informality through treating withholding taxes as the final payment for most taxpayers.The paper discusses suggested reforms that aim to simplify tax compliance while changing the WHT rules and providing tax compliance reward systems, and leveraging big data analytics for tax administration. The implementation of Withholding Taxes requires supporting tax policy changes alongside better taxpayer involvement to build a sustainable tax foundation in Pakistan. The research advocates for implementing WHT systems within an advanced technology-based fiscal system, which will ensure fair taxation while fostering greater participation from every economic sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qurat Ul Ain Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transforming Public Procurement in Pakistan: The Role of E-Procurement and Artificial Intelligence for Enhanced Efficiency and Transparency
This study investigates the transformative role of e-procurement and artificial intelligence (AI) in strengthening efficiency, transparency, and accountability within public procurement processes in Punjab, Pakistan. The primary objectives are to evaluate the performance of the e-Pakistan Acquisition and Disposal System (e-PADS), assess its conformity with international best practices, and identify opportunities for AI-enabled enhancement. A qualitative research design was employed, comprising semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from PPRA, PITB, and LDA, supplemented by an extensive review of policy documents, government reports , and academic literature. The findings indicate that e-PADS has contributed to substantial improvements in procedural efficiency, cost reduction, and auditability; nonetheless, critical limitations persist, including partial automation, inadequate digital literacy, institutional resistance, and the absence of a regulatory framework for AI integration. Comparative analysis with leading global systems—such as KONEPS, e-GP, and AusTender—reveals notable gaps in cross-border procurement facilitation, grievance redressal mechanisms, SME inclusion, and comprehensive end-to-end digitalisation. The study concludes that AI integration holds significant potential to enhance risk management, fraud detection, supplier performance evaluation, and strategic decision-making. The paper offers targeted policy recommendations aimed at legal reform, institutional capacity strengthening, technological advancement, and broader stakeholder accessibility, contributing to ongoing efforts to modernise Pakistan’s public procurement ecosystem.
E-Procurement, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Public Procurement, Transparency and Accountability, Digital Governance, e-PADS (Pakistan)
Copyright (c) 2025 Sana Ghous (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IT Industry Development In South Asia: Lessons For Pakistan
The global IT industry is reshaping economies through digital services, innovation and cross-border integration. In South Asia, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have demonstrated notable advancement in this sector. In contrast, Pakistan’s IT sector and human capital remains underutilized. The absence of a clear value-based benchmark limits its competitive visibility. This study examines IT development patterns in South Asia and evaluates Pakistan’s position using qualitative, quantitative indicators and strategic frameworks. A mixed comparative approach was adopted based on secondary data. SWOT analysis was applied to assess Pakistan’s digital economy, while Porter’s Diamond Model was operationalized through a qualitative-to-quantitative scoring method to facilitate cross-country comparison. Findings indicated that India’s consistent policies, Bangladesh’s targeted digital initiatives and Sri Lanka’s sectoral specialization have strengthened their competitiveness. Pakistan, however, continues to face structural constraints, including skills shortages, low R&D spending, inadequate infrastructure along with fragmented policy execution. The paper concludes with short and long-term recommendations focused on developing a comprehensive IT export strategy enhancing digital skills, promoting venture capital investment and expanding regional digital cooperation to improve Pakistan’s global competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saima Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Politicization of Ethnic Identities in Pakistan: Implications for National Unity and Cohesion
This study explores the factors that led to the politicisation of ethnic identities in Pakistan and the effects on the country's social and national cohesion. Ethnic Diversity has been characteristic of the demographic fabric of Pakistan; Punjabi, Sindhi, Baloch, and Pashtuns have contributed significantly to Pakistan's political, social, and cultural canvas. Given the path-dependent nature of the topic of politicisation of Pakistan's ethnic identities, the research paper identifies some critical movements like the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), the Baloch nationalist movement and rights movements like 'The Baloch Yakjehti Council' and Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM). The research paper elucidates how political elites exploit and hijack the grievances of the masses and give them an ethnic colour to strengthen their political positions. They exacerbate social-political cleavages. This study uses qualitative research approach based on quantitative data and recognises the limitations of relying on secondary data. It strengthens the conclusions presented in the research, informing mechanisms of ethnic identity mobilisation and policy recommendations for a more inclusive political climate. The study concludes that in tackling ethnic grievances, there needs to be an understanding of the structural causes, which include equitable resource mobilisation and distribution, solving the matrix of political, civil, and military representation, and fiscal and administrative decentralisation through local governments as fundamental in the quest of national integration in the long run.
Integrating Polio SIAs with other Health Interventions in Sindh, Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects
Polio eradication remains a critical global health goal, with Pakistan being one of the few countries where wild poliovirus transmission persists (WHO, 2021). Despite decades of interventions under the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI, 2024), progress is impeded by vaccine hesitancy, misinformation, and weak health infrastructure. Karachi, Sindh’s urban hub, faces persistent immunization gaps, particularly in high-risk union councils (UCs) (CDC, 2023). This study evaluates the feasibility and impact of integrating polio Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) with other essential services—including maternal care, sanitation, nutrition, and routine immunization—in eight high-risk UCs of Karachi. Using a mixed-methods approach, including household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews, the research explores barriers and enablers to successful integration (GPEI, 2024b). It examines whether this model can reduce vaccine refusals, build community trust, and improve health access in resource-constrained settings (UNICEF, 2023). Findings inform scalable strategies that not only enhance polio coverage but also strengthen the broader healthcare system (GPEI, 2024a). The study contributes evidence toward the global eradication agenda by promoting equity-based, community-driven integration models applicable to other polio-endemic regions.
Oral polio vaccine, Routine (Essential) immunization
Social and behavior change communication
Child Abuse — Evaluating Government Measures in Punjab and KP: Issues, Challenges and Way Forward
This research paper examines Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) in Pakistan, focusing on the provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). It explores the cultural complexities that hinder the reporting and prosecution of CSA cases. In Pakistan, cultural norms contribute significantly to under-reporting, with unique challenges in both provinces. KP’s conservative values and traditional tribal structures create societal barriers to reporting and legal actions. Punjab, with its urbanized and diverse socioeconomic landscape, faces issues like increased anonymity for perpetrators. The study emphasizes the need for effective policies and interventions to create a safer environment for children. It highlights gaps in the reporting and legal processing of CSA cases, calling for clear, efficient mechanisms. The research utilizes a systematic methodology, including literature reviews and a mixed-methods approach. Data from police departments, interviews, focus groups, and desk reviews provide qualitative insights into CSA trends and challenges in both provinces. Findings reveal a sharp increase in reported CSA cases over the past six years, yet conviction rates remain alarmingly low. This points to systemic legal and judicial challenges that demand urgent, multifaceted reforms. The study advocates a victim-centric approach, focusing on better training, resource allocation, and enhanced support services for victims. It stresses the need for collaborative efforts from policymakers, law enforcement, and communities. Key policy recommendations include improved reporting mechanisms, specialized units, streamlined legal procedures, and enhanced counselling and rehabilitation services to address CSA more effectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protection of Consumer Rights in Digital Marketplace in Pakistan: A Critical Review of Current Policies and Future Guidelines
The rapidly growing e-commerce sector of Pakistan faces significant challenges vis a vis consumer protection, including the absence of robust infrastructure for online payments, inconsistent enforcement of regulations, privacy issues and absence of consumer protection laws that specifically apply to online shopping. These challenges, coupled with rising incidents of online fraud such as identity theft and opaque service pricing, complicate the efforts of consumers in the digital marketplace. Existing consumer protection agencies usually lack the technical expertise required to address these emerging issues. Current regulations, which primarily address the safety of physical products, are inadequate for addressing critical issues such as false advertising, product warranties, and dispute resolution in digital commerce. Additionally, gaps in data protection, weak intellectual property laws, and limited secure shipping options further undermine consumer confidence in the sector. This paper, therefore, examines the current state of consumer protection in the digital era, analyzing key concerns and providing actionable recommendations to strengthen regulatory frameworks and enhance consumer rights. To enhance consumer safety in the digital age in Pakistan, this paper recommends modernizing and strengthening the existing legal framework, empowering regulatory bodies, establishing a national consumer protection statute, enhancing dispute resolution mechanisms, and fostering international cooperation to address cross-border trade challenges. We expect that implementation of these suggestions will help enhancing consumer protection in the digital era with increased reliance and assurance in online transactions, ultimately resulting in sustainable growth in the sector.
Impact Assessment of Global Warming on the Economy of Pakistan From 2010 to 2022 Proposing Policy Recommendations for Future Resilience
Global warming is the biggest challenge faced by mankind in the current century. Green House Gases have significantly contributed towards the rising global temperatures. While, all countries of the world are affected by the resulting climate changes, Pakistan faces an existential threat. Ironically, Pakistan produces less than 1% of global emissions of GHG yet it is facing the extreme brunt of climate changes. As a developing country, Pakistan is predominantly an agrarian economy with 22% sectoral share in GDP of the national economy. Global warming has caused adverse impacts on the economy owing due to a plethora of issues and challenges. These include temperature variance, food insecurity, energy deficiency, agriculture degradation etc. The significant temperature variances caused by global warming have led to severe heatwaves and cold spells in Pakistan. These extreme weather conditions disrupt normal life and threatens the agricultural sector of Pakistan, causing crop failures and food insecurities. Furthermore, the unusual temperature variations have led to rising incidence of vector-borne diseases compromising health security. Additionally, global warming has exacerbated water scarcity issues, leading to conflicts over water resources and posing threats to national security. The agriculture and industrial sectors are grappling with these challenges, facing issues such as changing weather patterns, resource scarcity, and increased operational costs due to the need for climate change mitigation measures. The economic security of the country needs comprehensive investment in climate adaptation and climate resilience measures. All relevant stakeholders must work together to mitigate the adverse impacts of Global Warming and promote sustainable economic development.
Critical Analysis of Pakistan-UAE Bilateral Trade Since 2000: Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan
Fraternal relations between Pakistan and UAE have continued uninterrupted since the inception of both the countries. Over the years, this relationship has gained strategic interest for Pakistan due to a number of factors including presence of Pakistani labor force in the UAE, economic strength of the UAE and strong commercial linkages. This research provides an in-depth analysis of bilateral trade data since 2010 and provides highlights in certain sectors along with sectoral trends. The balance of payment has largely stayed in favor of the UAE with a heavy role played by the petroleum products. Pakistani export basket remained limited to few codes and mainly at the raw level of export specially in textiles and meat (halal) while a number of important products saw negative growth e.g., cereals and rags, worn cloth etc. A comparison of these trends with the traditional competitors shows that Pakistan has fared worse than India, Vietnam and Thailand in almost all sectors. A detailed comparison in various sectors of economy is undertaken to establish these facts.The market of UAE represents a vibrant, relatively developed and a regional hub model of economy. Its demographics include more migrants than its local population. The Government of UAE has tried to move towards a market trend whereby reliance of economy on oil and gas sector is reduced and further diversification of products takes place. Its quantum of international trade is vast and diverse. The bilateral trade, overall, remains to be of greater significance to Pakistan than for the UAE.In this backdrop, the challenges presented by the UAE economy and changing situation are of strategic economic importance to Pakistan. These challenges include Pakistan’s inability to exploit the existing potential, to follow rules-based regime that is extremely important for the UAE to continue to be seen as an important player in the global trade as well as issues related to quality of exports from Pakistan. Other regional players specially India have tried to establish their own positive relations with the UAE. These along with global trade disruptions are serious challenges for Pakistan.However, it also presents opportunities for Pakistan specially the enhanced need of the UAE to import manpower to fulfill its ambition to be seen as knowledge-based-economy. Many white-collar jobs can be filled with educated Pakistanis who have a good understanding of the Muslim culture. In addition, traditional trade sectors (with possible diversification) represent areas of strength for Pakistan on which further links can be developed. Remittances, existing economic linkages and the concept of Islamic economy/banking are also strong points of linkages that work both ways. UAE is also looking for new areas to invest.Following, a detailed projection of both the economies some recommendations are made to enhance trade specially to diversify in the existing trade sectors, to enhance sea-based exports, to export skilled workforce and to explore Islamic Banking among others.
Improving the Passengers' Facilitation: Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad Airports
In 2023, out of 19.64 million passengers that travelled from Pakistani airports, 16.64 million passengers traveled from Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad airports. Despite accommodating more than 2/3rd air passengers, the standard of facilitation is deplorable. In 2014, Islamabad airport was declared world’s worst airport and in 2022, performance of Pakistani airports was marked 0.3 %. In recent surveys, 62% of passengers showed dissatisfaction with the amenities, 27 % found them satisfactory while only 10% declared them Good. 12.31% of passengers found the handling and treatment of airport functionaries as Good. 39.36 % were satisfied whereas 48.65 % passengers termed them unsatisfactory. Although, Pakistan has adopted legal frameworks in form of Air Navigation Order 2015- Air Passenger Rights and CAA Regulations 2018- Facilitation in line with ICAO (Annex A), however, it is the non-implementation of these that has led to poor passenger experiences. The major reason behind the non-implementation is the dual role of PCAA as service provider and regulator which is against the international practices and is conflict of interest. PCAA has badly neglected its role and task of being the Regulator. To address this important issue, Govt. of Pakistan passed two separate bills in 2023 to bifurcate PCAA as service provider and regulator. However, after a hiatus of one year in 2024, PCAA was merely announced to be split in service provider and regulator. Likewise, there is lack of monitoring and supervision of performance of staff of different agencies like Pakistan Customs, ANF, FIA and ASF, resultantly the staff concerned deal the passengers in discourteous and annoying manner. Keywords: , , ,
Use of Technology to Fight Crimes in Lahore and Karachi
With rapidly growing urbanization, the cities are now becoming the major business and economic hubs. They house millions of people and industry and are central to the modern way of living. However, this growth also brings significant challenges for city administrators, particularly in ensuring safety and security. As technology advances, governments worldwide are adapting their processes to meet the evolving needs of urban centers. Safety and security are critical to maintaining a peaceful environment essential for business, economic growth, and other societal functions. Police organizations are increasingly turning to modern technologies to combat rising crime in urban areas, and Safe City projects have emerged as one of the most innovative solutions. These initiatives not only focus on crime control but also incorporate traffic management, secure communication, data analytics, and support for civic agencies. This paper explores the effectiveness of the Lahore Safe City project, highlighting its strengths and areas for improvement. As the Punjab government plans to expand this initiative to 18 additional cities and Sindh looks to establish a Safe City project in Karachi, the analysis of Lahore's experience offers valuable lessons. By examining the shortfalls that have hindered the full potential of the Lahore project, this paper aims to guide future efforts, ensuring these.
A Critical Analysis of Efficacy of the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016: Irritants and Remedies
Cyber technologies are rapidly proliferating in Pakistan manifesting their pros and cons on the Pakistani governance system and society necessitating a new social contract between the state and citizenry. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA, 2016) is an attempt to define the contours of this new state-citizen relationship in the cyberworld. However, PECA’s purported relevance has been submerged under the civil society’s backlash at the controversial enforcement of PECA, 2016 and the unabated deluge of cybercrimes. A comparative analysis of India’s response mechanisms against the ever-evolving challenge of cybercrimes can help policy makers in Pakistan to tackle the issue effectively. Moving forward, Pakistan may have to rectify its policy orientation from being security centric to citizen centric by introducing humane amendments in PECA, 2016 and make prudent investments in capacity building of its citizens and state agencies.
A Constructivist Analysis of Normative Transference in Indian Foreign Policy: Implications for Pakistan
This paper undertakes a constructivist analysis of the normative transference in Indian foreign policy. The paper essentially argues that with its growing global power status, India is attempting to position itself as a normative power and achieve its foreign policy goals by transferring its norms and values, based on British colonial legacies and Hindutva-inspired social construct, to other countries in particular its neighboring countries, with the aim of blunting their identities for creating an enabling environment for realization of India’s expansive vision of ‘Ram Rajya’. The paper suggests that the norms propounded by India are guided by British colonial legacies under which India perceives herself as vanguard of western colonial interests as well as Hindutva-inspired ideals. These norms pervade the entire Indian political spectrum irrespective of their seemingly secular or right-wing political inklings. The paper suggests that for India, its notion of “Akhand Bharat” or “Greater India” remains at the core of the propounded norms including inter alia “Panchsheel”, “Panchamrit”, “Vasudhaiva Kutumbukum” and “Vishwaguru”. Through these norms, India has been and continues to attempt making its so-called cooperation with other countries contingent upon on their acceptance of Indian supremacy at the cost of their own identities. The paper suggests that unlike the European Union, India begins by having a social construct of other countries before undertaking normative transference. Subsequently, India follows the approach of delicately nullifying the identity of target countries through normative transference, alongside threats of punishment in case of defiance of Indian interests and supremacy. In this way, India attempts to normalize and diffuse its norms in the target country. The paper also undertakes an analysis of Indian attempts of normative transference in case of Pakistan and suggests that this transference has been premised on the notion of ‘otherizing’ Pakistan as an ‘adversary’ owing to its Muslim character and aims at nullifying the very idea of Pakistan. The paper assesses that Pakistan’s attempts to counter Indian normative transference have remained largely restrained in nature. The implications of Indian normative transference in case of Pakistan could therefore be existential in nature if not addressed proactively. In order to counter this challenge, the paper recommends inter alia positing Pakistan as a normative power; patronizing academicians, historians and political scientists; identifying quislings in the academic and journalistic domains; as well as creating a “league of the willing” for raising global awareness regarding the insidious nature of Indian normative transference.
Creating a Niche for Performance Auditing in the Public Sector: Utilizing Integrated Compliance, Efficiency and Effectiveness Reporting
Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs), being public sector audit organizations, usually derive their mandate from the highest law of the land. They perform three broad types of audits- financial, compliance and performance audits. Each audit type has a specific purpose and its conduct is guided by the applicable legal framework, auditing principles and standards. In the context of Pakistan, while the SAI conducts all three types of audits, in terms of overall audit coverage, the share of performance audit is generally on the lower side compared with financial and compliance audits. One reason for this could be the practice of conducting performance audits as stand-alone audit assignments, separately, and distinct from financial and compliance audits. Performance audit cycle is entirely different from other types of audits and is generally more resource-intensive. While a significant number of entities get audited from financial and compliance perspective every year, not all get a chance to benefit from performance audits. Since the latter is generally considered to be more holistic and wide-ranging, compared with other audit types, there is a dire need to increase its coverage in the overall audit mix. Many strategies can be adopted to accomplish this task. This paper proposes that audit cycle for performance audits may be combined with that of compliance audits. Since the latter are the mainstay of public audits, their integration with performance audits, will give a boost to the coverage of the latter. The combined reports, covering compliance, efficiency and effectiveness aspects, will provide a more fulfilling and rich experience to the stakeholders, contributing to enhanced transparency and accountability for the entrusted resources.
Major Women Empowerment Initiatives in Balochistan: A Critical Review and Policy Recommendations
This policy paper critically reviews major initiatives undertaken in the province of Balochistan regarding women empowerment, focusing on both government and non-governmental interventions, specifically, aimed at the reduction of gender disparities in education, healthcare, and economic participation. Despite ongoing efforts such as the Balochistan Rural Support Program (BRSP), Balochistan Education Endowment Fund (BEEF), and the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP), women in Balochistan continue to face substantial socio-economic challenges due to high illiteracy rates, poverty, lack of access to quality healthcare, and limited political representation. This study identifies the key barriers to empowerment, including entrenched patriarchal norms, early marriage, and economic marginalization. The research highlights the need for a multidimensional approach to addressing these issues, emphasizing the importance of educational, economic, and health empowerment initiatives. Furthermore, the policy paper suggests a set of recommendations such as skill training programs, enhanced educational access, microfinancing initiatives, and healthcare facilities to foster women's participation in societal development. The implementation of these initiatives, however, requires robust legal frameworks and collaboration between government, NGOs, and community leaders.
Hindutva Vs Islamophobia: Analysis and Way forward
The issue of Hindutva and Islamophobia is a complex and sensitive that requires careful analysis and a thoughtful approach to address the challenges it poses to communities. Islamophobia is a result of the increase in the momentum of Hindutva and its political and social reflections. Organizations like RSS, Shiv Sena, VHP have made every effort to malign Muslims past and present. The policies of the ruling Hindu elite have polarized the pluralistic society and exploited their voters and supporters for their political gains. Addressing the challenges posed by Hindutva and Islamophobia requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach. This executive summary provides a concise overview of the analysis and proposes a way forward promoting education, interfaith dialogue, media responsibility, legal protection, grassroots initiatives, and government commitment, it is possible to foster an environment of understanding, respect, and harmony between Hindu and Muslim communities.
Measuring Performance in Public Sector Organizations: Contemporary Trends and Avenues
This paper dilates upon the concepts of performance, performance measurement, performance management and performance management systems in the public sector. The conventional performance management systems in Pakistan’s context are based on the Performance Evaluation Reports. However, performance agreements were recently introduced between the Prime Minister and the Ministers, but unfortunately, the initiative was short-lived. The International practices in the conventional performance management systems are also mostly based on strategic plans and performance agreements, with some of the developed countries also legislating in the field. The issues with the conventional systems in Pakistan in include subjective evaluation criteria, lack of recognition and rewarding outstanding performers. The contemporary trends in performance measurement and management have shifted focus from individual performance parameters to good governance and effective and efficient service delivery through a citizen-centric approach. Governments increasingly use technology and digital platforms to introduce interventions focusing on citizens and businesses. The leading trend is E-Governance and use of artificial intelligence to ease the interface with the public organizations by the citizens. The paper concludes that improvement is needed on all accounts and recommends the way forward.
Post FATF: TF Prosecutions and Investigations in Pakistan
This research paper delves into Pakistan's efforts to enhance the effectiveness of its countering the financing of terrorism (CFT) regime in accordance with the FATF standards, with a specific focus on TF investigations and prosecutions. The study covers the post-FATF period i.e., August 2022 - May 2023, and analyzes the progress made in TF investigations and prosecutions as compared to the preceding four years. Primary and secondary sources were explored through qualitative and quantitative research methods. Unstructured interviews and focused discussion sessions were conducted with various stakeholders and experts at policy, strategy, and operational levels. The case study research method was employed by examining the ATCs' judgments in TF prosecutions. Analysis of data on TF investigations and prosecutions in the FATF Action Plan and post-FATF periods was done for situation analysis. Survey questionnaires responses from a targeted sample of TF investigators and prosecutors were analyzed to ascertain the operational level issues and gaps in TF investigations and prosecutions. A narrative and thematic analysis approach was adopted. While efforts were made during the FATF Action Plan period to adequately strengthen the legal, institutional, and coordination frameworks and build the capacity of LEAs to establish a sustainable CFT system as per the FATF CFT standards, the effectiveness of TF investigations and prosecutions in the post-FATF period remains a matter of concern. In the post-FATF period, there has been a significant decrease in the initiation of proactive, parallel, and wide-range TF investigations. The number of accused persons arrested and convicted has also gone down by 27% and 73% respectively. There was not a single accused person convicted in Sindh and Baluchistan in a TF prosecution. The progress on MLA requests for international cooperation has not been up to the mark. The convictions in TF prosecutions have decreased by 63%. The inter-agency coordination and implementation gap is hampering the effectiveness of the CFT system. There is a need for dedicated TF investigators and an adequate number of TF prosecutors. The FMU has capacity issues in terms of detecting, developing, and disseminating actionable financial intelligence with CTDs. The proactive role of NACTA and FMU is crucial for the effectiveness of TF investigations and prosecutions in Pakistan. The absence of a unified National CTD hampers the strategic response to terrorism financing. The establishment of National CTD at the federal level is needed to do away with the lack of coordination and the issue of varied levels of implementation of CFT standards in the provinces.
High-Value Agriculture: Potential in Punjab Through Use of Climate Smart Technology
This study explores the potential of high-value agriculture (HVA) in Punjab, Pakistan, specifically focusing on its development through climate-smart technology. The research aims to assess the adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices among farmers and investigate the impact of climate change on crop yields, with specific emphasis on high-value agriculture. Interviews with 49 farmers provide valuable insights into demographics, farming specifics, cropping patterns, and observed effects of climate change. The results show that middle-aged farmers having land ownership and significant experience are more convinced to adopt climate-smart practices. The agricultural landscape of Punjab is predominantly comprised of field crops like sugarcane, rice, and wheat. However, climate change events, like erratic rainfalls and heat waves, pose significant challenges for agriculture in general and for high-value agriculture in particular. This situation has resulted in reduced yields due to increased pest attacks. Similarly, compromised water availability has also posed threats to the livelihood of the farming community. This study draws attention towards the importance of implementing climate-smart practices for addressal of these challenges in Punjab's agriculture sector. This includes improved irrigation techniques like drip irrigation and precision water management which can optimize water use efficiency. Additionally, development and promotion of resilient crop varieties that can better withstand climate stressors and ensure sustainable agriculture in the face of changing climatic conditions. Moreover, the study emphasizes the dire need to enhance the intellectual capacity of farmers' knowledge through training programs and specialized extension services. The farmers need to be provided with access to real-time climate information and early warning systems which can help them in making informed decisions regarding crop selection, adjusted sowing times and better input management. The results accentuate the importance of policy frameworks and investment in climate-smart agriculture initiatives. Government interventions play a crucial role in promoting the adoption of climate-smart technologies by providing subsidies, easy access to credit, crop insurance and supportive infrastructure. Collective efforts by all stakeholders including policymakers, researchers, agricultural extension agencies and farming community are essential to enhance the adoption of climate-smart practices across Punjab. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the vital role of adopting climate-smart technologies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on Punjab's agriculture, particularly in the high-value agriculture sector. By implementing resilient crop varieties, improving irrigation practices, and enhancing farmers' knowledge, Punjab can enhance agricultural productivity, strengthen farmers' resilience, and foster sustainable development in the HVA sector.
Capitalizing on Pakistan’s Public Diplomacy: Potential in Pursuit of Soft Power
This paper examines Pakistan's challenges in leveraging its soft power potential through effective public diplomacy (PD). It explores the root causes of Pakistan's negative image perception, primarily from domestic economic, political, and social conditions. The study highlights the need for strategic policy investments to promote a tolerant, liberal, and multicultural ethos essential for strengthening Pakistan's soft power toolkit. The research identifies several key obstacles, including the limited space for liberal arts in a conservative society, a lack of understanding of PD within policy circles and society, a prevailing mindset that views PD as tangential to core diplomatic functions, and insufficient expertise in executing PD activities among Foreign Ministry officers. The paper argues for a long-term, institutionalized approach to image-building, acknowledging that there are no quick fixes for long-held negative perceptions. It emphasizes the necessity of developing a comprehensive understanding of PD's importance and potential impact. Through critical evaluation of existing policies and practices, this study aims to chart a course forward for Pakistan to effectively utilize its soft power resources and improve its global image through strategic public diplomacy efforts.
Development Priorities in Punjab and KP: A Critical Analysis
Education is regarded as pivotal for transforming human capital and sustainable economic development. SDG-4 and Article 25-A of the 1973 Constitution put a binding constraint on the government to accord centrality to education. This research paper delves into exploring the critical pathways between development priorities demonstrated through public spending and the resultant impacts and outcomes in the school education sector of Punjab and KP. The scope of the study is limited to the timeframe of 2018-2022 and relies on triangulation of data of both qualitative and quantitative nature using a mixed-methods approach. The study alludes to interesting findings ranging from policy inadequacy to a skewed spending matrix projecting a predominant share of non-development expenditure. While overall spending has increased over the course of time, the overwhelming focus has been on infrastructural components, which paradoxically has not even led to resolving the chronic issues of access to education. The study, while acknowledging that there is no standard blueprint signifying an ideal sectoral mix, recommends an evidence-based and more nuanced approach with a greater focus on the qualitative aspects through soft interventions like teacher training, robust assessment framework and improved governance at the school level.