Separation of East Pakistan: Public Policy and Governance Issues
Keywords:
East Pakistan, Awami League, legal framework order, National Awami Party, Planning CommissionAbstract
East Pakistan's separation is both a complex and sensitive, and the sensitivity adds to the complexity. Whether and to what extent the governance and public policy contributed to the separation was the main question for this study. Both appear different and distinct, but the link appears pronounced as one starts disentangling the complexity. The main link between governance and separation has two sub-links: policy and politics and politics and violence. Both are products of public policies. The separatist movement did not sprout suddenly and out of nowhere. It took over two decades to make and evolve through various stages: assertiveness, disillusionment, deprivation, alienation, vacuum, and mobilization. Each stage was the product of a set of public policies.The starting point was an unstable hybrid governance model under an Administrative State. The administrative state responded the assertiveness on political and social fronts, with maneuvering and indifference. Language and culture were the main drivers of Bengali identity and were immediately threatened in the name of national integration. Economic and fiscal policies started shaping up too. The investments, public sector expenditures and trade policies became more and more skewed and the efforts at provincial autonomy were blocked with the creation of one-unit.The administrative State gave way to an Authoritarian State under Martial law (1958) with developmental governance, which was characterized by centralization, non-participation and foreign inflows. East Pakistan faced a vacuum in which grievances, deprivation and alienation took root and emerged as political mobilization as soon as the Authoritarian State weakened in 1968-69. Thus enters the third stage and the link between politics and violence. Political mobilization based on the grievance, deprivation and frustration borne out of public policies exhibited itself in protests and the ballot box, giving an overwhelming mandate to carve out a new state, governance, and public policy apparatus.The emergency state had only one answer to violence: more violence, which was a consequence of a lethal combination of fear, suspicion, and conspiracy. This is the phase that has been studied and discourse without going into the journey to separation shaped by the governance and public policies.
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